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Management Information System (MIS) on
Himalayan Database using GIS interface
Index:
The present Management Information System (MIS) module represents a picture from the Himalayan Database, which is based on the available secondary data sets with the ENVIS Centre. A simple deterministic approach has been used on the present as well as historical time-series data to depict a descriptive and predictive inferences of the Himalayan districts. All the data sets have been compiled to attain the goal of MIS, which could enable one by viable information content to make better decision and future course of action. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has the innovation to support all these frameworks which supports analysis of attributes with effective visualization. GIS model has been designed to identify and display relationship between attribute data and geographical locations. As the present model supports the information system of a particular geographical area, namely the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), the locational relationship is very much needed to map the distribution of various attributes throughout the region. Keeping in view of the spread of IHR in India (about 5.3 lakh km2) the analysis has been restricted only to district level data. The IHR spreads on 95 districts covering 12 administrative states/regions in India. The demographic data of these districts have been compiled from Census 2001 and selected parameters of previous census reports, whereas agricultural statistics have been used to map the land use category for them. The district boundaries (based on SoI maps) are linked with the attribute data for effective visualization and classification of parameters across the IHR. Externalization is capturing information in an external repository and organizing it according to classification system, and internalization is extracting knowledge from the external repository and learning it to identity what is relevant to the knowledge seen. These two basic principles have been used to produce tactical information. The extracted information is reformatted and presented in suitable manner such as graphs/charts (see Graphical Information) and locational (spatial) distribution (see Maps) with some level of interpretation. The Graphical Information presents the classified data (based on values) and the number of data points satisfying each class. The contribution of each class to the total population is depicted by the percentage share of the class to the sampled data. The closed-ended boundaries have been used to classify data points. In most cases the range of classes are uneven and less scattered in more congested data points. This will show the acute dispersion of most of the sample, whereas larger ranges are used to show few data points satisfying the class/range. On the other hand maps depict the simple distribution of classified data across the IHR districts. Lastly a resource profile of a state (namely, Uttarakhand) has been prepared to incorporate a statehood MIS model. The state profile has been prepared by comprising districts of Uttarakhand, to show how effectively the attribute data could be linked with spatial data (district boundaries) to visualize the state resources across the districts. List of IHR districts (Code-District) as on 2001:
Inferences
Decadal growth
rate (1991-2001) of IHR is marginally higher (25.43%) as compared to the national
average (21.35%). The growth rate of 80% IHR districts fall between 10 and 40,
which cover 91.58% of total IHR population. The highest growth rate is recorded
in Nagaland (64.41) while Tripura recorded the minimum (15.74).
Growth rate of population across the IHR districts
Population
density of IHR as a whole is very less (74 person/km2) as compared to
the population density of the country (324 person/km2) according to
2001 census report. Although there are 8 districts having a very high density
(>500 person/km2) in contrast to 46 low density (<100 person/km2) districts. The distribution of
population is extremely uneven, as 50% of total IHR districts (of low density) contribute only
about 22% of IHR's total population, and remaining 50% districts (of high
density) contribute rest 78% of
population.
Almost all the states of IHR exhibit an increase sex ratio during last five decades, and their average ratio (940 females/1000 males) is higher than the national average (933 females/1000 males). The sex ratio of about 60% of IHR population falls between 900 and 1000. Manipur recorded the highest average sex ratio (978 females/1000 males) while Sikkim recorded the lowest (875 females/1000 males).
The percentage of literates in IHR (about 67%) is marginally higher than the national average (65.38%) as recorded in 2001 census. Majority of the districts have literacy rates higher than the region's average. The literacy rate of more than 50% of IHR population is between 70 to 90%. Mizoram recroded the highest literacy rate (88.49%), while Jammu & Kashmir recorded the lowest literacy (54.46%) among IHR states.
The annual average exponential growth rate of IHR is 2.12 during last five decades (1951-2001). Majority of the Himalayan states exhibit the common trends except three north-eastern states, viz. Nagaland, Tripura, and Hills of Assam. These three states are situated in border area, and growth of human population is much affected by highly exposed international boundaries. Tripura and Assam Hills experienced a heavy growth rate in early post independence India, which was steadily decreased towards a marginally lower growth rate in early 1980s. And now (as per 2001 Census report), Tripura recorded the lowest ever decadel growth rate (15.74) among other Himalayan states. In contrast Nagaland is showing the steady increase in growth rate during last four decades, and touched the alarming high (64.41) in 1991-2001, though the state having a lower birth rate (19.2 per 1000) in the region. The sex ratio of IHR is quite impressive, as compared to the national average (933 females/1000 males). Almost all the states exhibit an increase in sex ratio during the last 5 decades, with a marginal decrease in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim during the last decade, whereas West Bengal Hills and Tripura show a steady increase in sex ratio during last 5 decades.
Percentage change in Population Growth & Sex Ratio with respect to Literacy rate
Uttarakhand: A Resource Profile Uttarakhand, the northern sub-region of Uttar Pradesh came into existence of as 27th State of Indian Republic on 9th November 2000. The state occupies a strategic position on the north as its boundaries touches two international borders viz. Nepal on the east and China on the north. The state is situated in Central Himalaya of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and mostly comprises the hills of Central Himalaya. Geographically it is located between latitudes 29o5’ -31o25’N and longitudes 77o45’ - 81oE covering a geographical area of 53,485 km2.
Uttarakhand (now Uttarakhand) – the 4th largest state in terms of total geographical area in IHR after Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh. The state is 2nd highest populous state among IHR after Jammu & Kashmir.
The region comprises of two administrative units viz., Garhwal (north-west portion) and Kumaon (south-east portion). The statehood ‘Uttarakhand’ has emerged by comprising the 12 districts of these two administrative regions and Haridwar district from Uttar Pradesh. Now the state (renamed as Uttarakhand) is having 13 districts: Code-Districts
27 Uttarkashi
28 Dehradun
29 Tehri
30 Chamoli
31 Pauri Garhwal
32 Almora
33 Pithoragarh
34 Nainital
35 Udham Singh Nagar
36 Champawat
37 Bageshwar
38 Rudraprayag 39 Haridwar
The state occupies about 1.6% of the country’s total geographical area and contributes only about 0.83% of country’s total population depicting a smaller state in terms of population size in the country. However, the state is the second highest populous (84,79,562 as on 2001) state in the IHR (the first is Jammu & Kashmir).
The districts of the state situated in the foot-hills/Tarai area bordering Uttar Pradesh have shown larger size of human population as compared to the districts situated in the higher/upper ridges of Himalaya. Haridwar is the largest populous and Champawat is the least populous district in the state.
The growth rate of human population
in Uttarakhand
(20.27%) is lower than the national average (21.35%) during the period 1991-2001, while the
sex ratio (964 females/1000 males) is higher than the national average. The
state also exhibits a higher literacy rate (72.28) than the national average.
All these facts realize the presence of a higher quality of human resource in the state.
Almora district has recorded the minimum (3.14%), while Nainital recorded the highest (32.88%) growth rate of human population in the state during the period 1991-2001.
The average population density of Uttarakhand is 159 persons/km2. But this density of the state is widely varied among districts from the average figure of the state, as Haridwar has recorded the maximum (612 persons/km2), while Uttarkashi district has recorded the minimum (37 persons/km2).
Most of the population of the state is concentrated in the urban pockets of sub-Himalayan Tarai/foot-hills area of the state. And Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar and Dehradun districts situated in these area have recorded an higher population density of more than 400 persons/km2.
Though the state depicts a much lower population density as compared to the nation's average (324 persons/km2), the density has changed significantly from 132 (in 1991) to 159 persons/km2 (in 2001).
Nainital district has recorded the maximum increase (32.89%), while Almora recorded the minimum (3.03%) during the decade 1991-2001. The population pressure on Nainital, Udham Singh Nagar, and Haridwar districts is increasing very fast, as these districts have registered an increase of above 25% in population density during one decade.
The sex ratio (no. of females per 1000 males) of the state exhibits an impressive picture (964 females per 1000 males), which is increasing further.
The sex ratio of Almora district (1147 females/1000 males) is not only highest in the state but also highest among IHR districts. In contrast Haridwar recorded the minimum (868 females/1000 males) in the state. Four districts of the state viz. Almora, Rudraprayag, Bageshwar, and Pithoragarh have recorded a very high sex ratio (>1100 females/1000 males) in 2001 census report.
Sex Ratio Among 0-6yr. Age Group
The sex ratio among children (0-6 year age group) does not shows an impressive picture of the state (906, the state average) as compared to the average sex ratio (964 females/1000 males) comprising the total population of the state. As the sex ratio of the state among children has reduced to 906 (in 2001) from 948 (in 1991) and this trend implies further decrease in forthcoming decades. A significant decline of sex ratio among children might effect the total male-female ratio of the state in next few decades. Haridwar has recorded the worst (852), while Champawat recorded an higher sex ratio (946) among the children of 0-6 year age group in the state.
The average literacy (7 years and above) of the state is 72.28% which is quite higher than the national average (65.38%).
Most of the districts of the state have recorded a literacy rate of more than 70%. Nainital is the highest literate district (79.6%) followed by Dehradun (78.96%), while Haridwar is the lowest literate district (64.6%) in the state. Among males Pithoragarh district has recorded the highest (91.47%). In contrast the females of Uttarkashi district has recorded the least literacy (47.48%) in the state.
A significant increase (25.16%) has been recorded in literacy level, as it has increased to 72.28% (in 2001) from 57.75% (in 1991) in the state. Change in female literacy has significantly contributed to the total increase in literacy level of the state during 1991-2001.
Uttarkashi district has recorded the highest increase in literacy level (40.97%) followed by Tehri Garhwal (38.34%), and Haridwar (34.67%) during the period.
Suggested Readings Rao, K.S. 1997.Natural Resource Management and Development in Himalaya: recourse to issues and strategies. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora, pp. 38. Nandy, S.N., Pant, R. and Rao, K.S. 2000. Indian Himalaya: A Demographic Database. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora, pp. 76 Nandy, S.N. and Rao, K.S. 2001. Census 2001: Population Dynamics of Indian Himalaya. ENVIS Bulletin - Himalayan Ecology & Development, 9(2):1-6.
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